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The River Findhorn () is one of the longest rivers in Scotland. Located in the north east, it flows into the Moray Firth on the north coast. It has one of the largest non-firth estuary in Scotland.
The river is c. Almanac of Scotland Retrieved 9 June 2018. long and the catchment area is "River Findhorn". The Findhorn, Nairn and Lossie Fisheries Trust. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
The river provides excellent salmon and trout fishing and is popular with anglers from around the globe. It is also one of Scotland's classic white water kayaking rivers (varying from grade 2 to 4) and draws canoeists from across the country. "River Findhorn - Gorge" . The UK Rivers Guidebook. UKRGB. Retrieved 3 June 2018
At Drynachan lodge the valley reverts to its earlier wooded and inhabited character and roads again follow its course almost all the way to the sea. The river is joined by the Carnoch Burn and flows almost due east from here, passing the contour, and then shortly afterwards it is met by the Tor Burn on the right bank. This stream is only about long, being formed by the confluence of the Rhilean and Leonach Burns, which flow through moorland before cascading down narrow gorges and over waterfalls in their final sections. There is a small, wooded river island in the Findhorn at the point at which it is joined by the Tor Burn - one of the few such islands along its length, none of which are named by the Ordnance Survey. Next, the river reaches the remains of the hillfort of Dunearn just south of Dulsie Bridge. Here the Findhorn turns northwards and flows through a sinuous and narrow gorge with Glenferness House on the right bank and the Ardclach bell tower on the left, after which it reverts to a generally north-westerly course once it passes under the A939 bridge.
Beyond Relugas the Findhorn is joined by the River Divie at the beauty spot of Randolph's Leap. The Divie's head waters lie in the hills to the south of the prominent Knock of Braemoray, and shortly before its confluence with the Findhorn it is itself joined by the Dorback Burn, which is fed by Lochindorb. Hereafter the waters provide kayaking opportunities for the experienced for the next Further downstream the Findhorn passes Logie House, the ruined hill fort of Dun Earn, Sluie Walk where it crosses the contour, the Altyre estate and the Meads of St John before reaching the hamlet of Mundole just outside the town of Forres, which is by far the largest settlement on the river's route. Passing under the Findhorn Bridge on the A96 and the main Inverness to Aberdeen railway line the river finally reaches relatively flat land just before it reaches Findhorn Bay. This is a large tidal basin and at low water the river is joined by the Muckle, Mosset and Kinloss Burns as it flows unimpeded over its sands. The combined streams flow on to the north with the village and military base of Kinloss to the right, crossing the bay and passing Findhorn Ecovillage and the harbour of the village of Findhorn before exiting the bay through a narrow, sandy channel and entering the Moray Firth with the Culbin Forest on the left. At higher stages of the tide the riverine waters mix with the incoming sea, creating a brackish lagoon.
In the lower Findhorn the bedrock is Old Red Sandstone that was deposited after the Caledonian orogeny. The rapid uplift of the mountain terrain to the south was accompanied by similarly rapid river erosion that resulted in sediment being spread throughout the Moray Firth basin and further north to Orkney and Shetland some 360–400 mya. At this time the land lay some 20 degrees south of the equator and experienced a semi-arid climate.
During the Tertiary period period some 65–50 mya volcanic activity on what is now the west coast of Scotland resulted in considerable uplift there and the creation of the slope that dips in an easterly direction that the modern Findhorn River follows.
With the onset of Pleistocene glacial period some 2 mya the whole of northern Scotland became ice bound. For example, the Cairngorms mountains immediately to the south of the Findhorn valley became covered in ice some thick. The melting of the ice, which occurred comparatively rapidly, resulted in "vast volumes of meltwater" creating further erosional and depositional features, such as in the middle reaches of the Findhorn and such as the Cluny hills downstream. The great weight of the ice depressed the land surface and with the end of the glacial period there resulted both sea level rises and isostasy rebound of the land which combined with periodic uplifts resulted in a complex interplay of land and sea with a prominent raised shoreline between Nairn and Forres that skirts the Culbin Forest.
However, the shores have not been static even in historic times. The earliest detailed map of the Findhorn estuary dates from 1590 and was made by Timothy Pont. It shows a long sand bar stretching west from the site of the village of Findhorn along the Culbin shore. In 1701 this bar was described as being long after it was breached by the sea close its eastern edge. At this point what is now the Culbin Forest on the river's left bank was a sandy waste with dunes reaching to in height and the river channel through Findhorn Bay was slowly shallowing due to the wind-blown sands. Noticing the erosion to the bar, on which the village had been built, the inhabitants gradually deserted this site and moved to a new location about to the south east, where the modern village now stands.
Doune of Relugas is at AOD and had a timber-laced rampart enclosing an area measuring by . Although downstream Dun Earn lies about higher than Doune of Relugas and encloses a larger area. Dunearn's enclosed area is roughly in extent. "Plane table survey: Dunearn Fort." Canmore. Retrieved 28 May 2018. The existence of the hillfort at Cluny Hill, which extended to , was only confirmed in 2017.
Rodney's Stone is a Pictish cross slab Pictish stone in the grounds of Brodie Castle that was discovered in the Dyke churchyard in 1781.
Forres Castle stood on the east bank of the Mosset Burn. It may have been the place where King Dub was murdered in 966. Forres was a Royal Burgh from an unknown early date – the original charter having been lost and then renewed in 1496. Kinloss Abbey was founded in 1150 under the rule of the Cistercian order but only ruins now remain, Alexander Brodie of Lethen having reduced it for its stones in 1651.
In 1303 Edward I of England stayed at Lochindorb castle for a month during his military occupation of Scotland. Originally built by the Clan Cumming, the structure sat on an island in the loch. Perhaps the most notorious resident of the Findhorn valley was Alexander Stewart, the Wolf of Badenoch, who was based at the castle and who burned Forres, Pluscarden Abbey and Elgin in 1390. In 1455 it was reduced by the Thane of Cawdor on the orders of James II and only the outer walls now remain.
The Findhorn valley was badly affected by the Highland Clearances "which had a tragic impact not only upon remote glens but also upon the Moray Firth as a whole. From it arose the lamentations of a whole people... They had been taught to see themselves as the descendants of 'conquerors' who had won an inalienable right to the land in which they were settled. To them the rebuke of the Canadian Boat Song was well merited".
If the clearances were a man-made travail, the Muckle Spate of 1829 was a natural disaster unparalleled in the historic record of the Findhorn. On 3 August of that year heavy rain in the Cairngorms resulted in flooding in the catchment of several rivers in north-east Scotland and that of the Findhorn has been described as "the most severe catastrophic flood in modern UK history". Based on the eyewitness accounts recorded by Sir Thomas Dick Lauder (who was also the author of a romantic history about the life of the "Wolf of Badenoch") were able to determine peak flows down the main river of up to 1,484 m3/s and 451 m3/s on the Divie. Lauder describes numerous incidents including the daring rescues of those trapped by the floods on the plain of Forres by fishermen from Findhorn village. It is at Randolph's Leap that the Findhorn river is at its most spectacular in spate. Here there are two markers indicating the height the river reached in 1829 and it is said that the butler at nearby Relugas caught a Atlantic salmon above the normal river level in his umbrella.
Between 1919 and 1963 the Forestry Commission planted some of trees on the Culbin sands and created what is now an extensive conifer plantation. During the early 21st century Moray Council undertook a flood prevention scheme on the Mosset Burn to protect the town of Forres up to a standard of a 1 in 100 years event. The principal component of the project is a 3.8 million m3 flood storage reservoir at Chapelton to the south of the town.Gowans, Ian; Moysey, Daniel; Winfield, Paul (2010)"Chapelton Flood Storage Reservoir". The British Dam Society.
The Universal Hall is an arts and conference centre at Findhorn Ecovillage that enjoys a stained glass window by American artist James Hubbel. At the heart of the village of Findhorn are the 1739 Crown and Anchor Inn and Findhorn House, the home of the Royal Findhorn Yacht Club, which is an 18th-century house with late 19th-century enlargements.
The neighbouring:
Medieval period
Sueno's Stone is a Picts Class III standing stone on the north-easterly edge of Forres. It is the largest surviving Pictish stone of its type and stands at over high.
Modern era
Various places are claimed to have been where the last Eurasian wolf in Scotland was slain. One such story is that of a deer stalker called MacQueen who shot one on Clan Mackintosh land in the Findhorn valley in 1743. In the wake of the 1745 Jacobite rebellion the French brigantine Le Bien Trouvé slipped past a British blockade in March 1746 into Findhorn Bay. The bay was too shallow for larger British and Sloop-of-war and although opened fire no damage was caused. On the night of 6 April the Frenchman slipped out again carrying Bonnie Prince Charlie's aide-de-camp Richard Warren and escaped safely to Dunkirk.
Notable buildings
The Findhorn valley has a wide variety of , several of which are the main residence of Highland estates. These include Dunphail House, on the River Divie, built on the site of a 14th-century castle, the white harled and crowstepped Logie House near Randolph's Leap, Darnaway Castle with its 15th-century Earl Randolph's Hall, described as "unique in non-Royal castles" and Altyre, which has a 19th-century Italianate farm steading, " now used by Glasgow School of Art. "The Creative Campus, Highlands and Islands". Glasgow School of Art. Retrieved 4 June 2018. Brodie Castle, which lies to the west in the vale of the Muckle Burn, has large formal gardens and was visited by Robert Burns in 1787.
Forres Tolbooth on the High Street was erected in 1838, but replaced an earlier tolbooth of a similar design on the same site. Cluny Hill College, originally a hydropathic hotel dates to 1863 and "has a rambling skyline of dutch gables, ordinary gables, chimneys, parapets and bays". The octagonal Nelson's Tower on the summit of the nearby Cluny Hills is a prominent landmark that was erected in 1806 to celebrate Lord Nelson’s victory at Trafalgar.
Ecology and leisure
Agriculture and forestry are practiced throughout the length of the land on the Findhorn's banks, but leisure activities are also an important aspect of the river and its catchment. On the high moors which are the source of the headwaters, cervus elaphus and red grouse shooting are significant activities. Hill walking and bird watching are also important aspects of local tourism. Here, hardy plant species such as Calluna vulgaris and Juniper thrive on the soils and in the sheltered valley there are stands of Scots pine.
See also
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
(1997). 9781874744696, Centre for Scottish Studies, University of Aberdeen. ISBN 9781874744696
Further reading
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